Author
Hao Song
Hao Song is a data analyst at Kiwa PVEL, where he analyzes module reliability and performance test datasets to identify key reliability trends and deliver analytical outputs for test program development and customer intelligence. He has accumulated more than 12 years of PV industry experience. Before joining Kiwa PVEL, he worked as chief reliability engineer at CSI Solar.
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Articles written by Hao Song
Peeling back the layers
As part of a PV module’s construction, front and rear encapsulants are used to bond solar cells to the front (typically glass) and rear (glass or polymer backsheet) surfaces. When these components degrade, delamination or bubbles can occur, opening new channels for moisture and oxygen ingress, drastically accelerating other failure mechanisms such as cell metallization corrosion.
Sep 29, 2026