The findings highlight TOPCon’s sustained dominance over mainstream technologies such as PERC and IBC (Interdigitated Back Contact), with annual power generation gains of 2.02% and 1.43%, respectively. Researchers identified three core technological strengths driving TOPCon’s edge.
TOPCon’s bifacial power generation efficiency stands out as a primary advantage, achieving a bifaciality rate of 79.09%—significantly higher than PERC (69.72%) and IBC (58.89%). This capability proved particularly impactful at the Daqing Base, where 13.5% of annual irradiance originates from reflected light. In environments with higher reflectivity, such as snow-covered regions, TOPCon’s performance gains are even more pronounced.
Additionally, TOPCon modules exhibit strong adaptability to low-light conditions, outperforming PERC in cloudy, rainy, or snowy weather. However, during clear winter days, temperature effects marginally reduce its superiority. Long-term reliability further distinguishes TOPCon, with a two-year tracking period revealing a minimal current degradation rate of 0.67%, far surpassing HJT (-2.21%), PERC (-0.88%), and IBC (-0.77%). Voltage stability remained consistent across all tested technologies except HJT.
Notably, TOPCon maintains its advantage over PERC even in cold temperate climates, where temperatures remain below 25°C for 68.09% of the year. Even at temperatures above -10°C, the technology demonstrates resilience, underscoring the importance of climate-specific research for optimizing solar solutions.
The Daqing Base, approved by China’s National Energy Administration, has now operationalized 50 MW (50,000 kW) of its planned 1,050 MW (1.05 GW) demonstration matrix, covering 60.8% of its 640 planned empirical schemes. As the world’s largest photovoltaic and storage testing hub, the platform continues to deliver multidimensional data to accelerate global advancements in solar technology.
